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  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. The two men are kissing on the lips, one of the most iconic paintings that symbolised a divided Europe during the Cold War. The Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kisses his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_gallery03-06-04-2013.jpg
  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. The two men are kissing on the lips, one of the most iconic paintings that symbolised a divided Europe during the Cold War. The Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kisses his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_gallery05-06-04-2013.jpg
  • On the edge of an old Soviet parade ground, peeling murals show the physical style of Russian marching techniques seen in this army boot camp in the former East German peninsular called Halbinsel Wustrow near Rostock. For the benefit of recruits or as a reminder of Soviet discipline, the picture shows soldiers marching in that unmistakable goose-stepping style reminiscent of the Nazi era, with high forward kicks and a strenuous arm movement to the chest as seen in iconic May Day celebrations in Red Square. Wustrow was once a WW2 German anti-aircraft artillery position then housed civilian refugees before the eventual Soviet occupation of the former DDR during the Cold War, up until 1990 and the fall of communism and the Berlin Wall. The camp was ransacked and all its assets stripped before its desertion that summer and is a reminder of a fallen ideology
    russian_wustrow01-16-06_1990.jpg
  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. Two seemingly gay men are kissing on the lips but this is one of the most famous paintings - a symbol of a divided Europe during the Cold War. It shows Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kissing his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_kiss-04-11-1990.jpg
  • A detail from the oversized artwork entitled Brotherhood Kiss (Bruderkuss) by Dmitry Vrubel that once adorned a section of the notorious Berlin Wall in western Germany Russian. The two men are kissing on the lips, one of the most iconic paintings that symbolised a divided Europe during the Cold War. The Communist Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev kisses his East German (DDR) counterpart Erich Honecker, which was ultimately copied on to coffee cups and T-shirts across the world before being destroyed by the authorities. The artist was angry but he says he will paint a new image which was derived from a photograph of the two leaders taken 1979 but became a potent symbol of Communism's corruption and ultimate failure.
    berlin_wall_gallery01-06-04-2013.jpg
  • The tails of a The Mikoyan MiG-29 (Fulcrum) fighter jet and an Antonov An-124 Ruslan transporter are seen visiting the 1988 Farnborough Air Show. The insignia of the era, a red star and hammer and sickle are clearly seen on the aircraft, just over a year before the collapse of Communism with the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Mikoyan MiG-29 or "Fulcrum" is a fourth-generation jet fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union for an air superiority role. Developed in the 1970s by the Mikoyan design bureau, it entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1983, and remains in use by the Russian Air Force as well as in many other nations.
    soviet_aircraft01-11-07-1988.jpg
  • On the edge of an old Soviet parade ground, peeling murals show an instruction mural for guarding prison camps seen in this army boot camp in the former East German peninsular called Halbinsel Wustrow near Rostock. For the benefit of recruits or as reminders of Soviet discipline, the picture shows a soldier standing at the barbed wire of a generic Gulag holding his AK-47 weapon and dressed in fur hat and uniform from that era. Perhaps those training here were eventually to guard political prisoners though it is a reminder of a fallen ideology. Wustrow was once a WW2 German anti-aircraft artillery position then housed civilian refugees before the eventual Soviet occupation of the former DDR during the Cold War, up until 1990 and the fall of communism and the Berlin Wall. The camp was ransacked and all its assets stripped before its desertion that summer.
    russian_wustrow03-16-06_1990.jpg
  • On the edge of an old Soviet parade ground, peeling murals show the physical style of Russian marching techniques seen in this army boot camp in the former East German peninsular called Halbinsel Wustrow near Rostock. For the benefit of recruits or as reminders of Soviet discipline, the picture shows a soldier marching in that unmistakable goose-stepping style reminiscent of the Nazi era, with high forward kicks and a strenuous arm movement to the chest as seen in iconic May Day celebrations in Red Square. Wustrow was once a WW2 German anti-aircraft artillery position then housed civilian refugees before the eventual Soviet occupation of the former DDR during the Cold War, up until 1990 and the fall of communism and the Berlin Wall. The camp was ransacked and all its assets stripped before its desertion that summer and is a reminder of a fallen ideology
    russian_wustrow02-16-06_1990.jpg
  • Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine overnight, Ukrainians protest opposite Downing Street, on 24th February 2022, in London, England.
    ukraine_protest-12-24-02-2022.jpg
  • A large banner Chinese flag hangs over a pedestrian on the eve of the handover of sovereignty from Britain to China, on 30th June 1997, in Hong Kong, China. Midnight signified the end of British rule, and the transfer of legal and financial authority back to China. Hong Kong was once known as 'fragrant harbour' (or Heung Keung) because of the smell of transported sandal wood.
    hong_kong03-30-06-1997.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, two east German women walk past a closed and decaying Pharmacy and photography business where a poster advertising a New Germany weekly newspaper has been attached to a rotting door, on 15th June 1990, in Zwickau, eastern Germany (former DDR).
    90s_germany-15-06-1990.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, a wooden crate of cauliflowers are displayed underneath the prices of other vegetables at a street market in Leipzig in eastern Germany, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_8.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc era, pro-Communist Germans carrying Soviet and DDR flags march in Berlin, on 4th November 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_4.jpg
  • As a staff member counts coins, 1990s women shoppers gather around the till to pay cash in a Budapest shop, on 13th June 1990, in Budapest, Hungary. (Photo by Richard Baker / In Pictures via Getty Images)
    budapest_till-13-06-1990.jpg
  • Months after the fall of the Berlin wall and the collapse of the communist GDR state (German Democratic Republic), a brown coal delivery man stops to shovel his polluting fossil fuel into local cellars, on 15th June 1990, in Aue, Saxony. Aue is a mining town in the Ore Mountains known for its copper, titanium, and kaolinite. The town was a machine-building and cutlery manufacturing centre in the East German era with a population of roughly 18,000 inhabitants. It was the administrative seat of the former district of Aue-Schwarzenberg in Saxony and part of the Erzgebirgskreis since August 2008. (Photo by Richard Baker / In Pictures via Getty Images)
    GDR_coleman-15-06-1990.jpg
  • The red Chinese national flag hangs outside the Bank of China on Lothbury Street EC2 in the City of London - the capital's financial district, on 21st August 2018, in London, England. At a time when economic and property investment agreements between Britain and China were confirmed, the Chinese communist state's presence in the UK capital is becoming more obvious.
    bank_of_china-06-21-08-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-30-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-29-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-22-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-21-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-20-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-17-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-16-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather on the plinth below Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-31-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-23-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-21-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-18-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-14-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face Soviet leader Lenin on a banner in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-07-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the faces of Karl Marx and Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-06-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the faces of Karl Marx and Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-05-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a Trabant car sits wrecked on the corner of Mollstrasse and Hans-Beimler-Strasse in east Berlin (former DDR), on 1st June 1990, in Berlin, Germany. The DDR-produced Trabant suffered poor performance, but its smoky two-stroke engine regarded with affection as a symbol of the more positive sides of East Germany. Many East Germans streamed into West Berlin and West Germany in their Trabants after the opening of the Berlin Wall. It was in production without any significant change for nearly 30 years. The name Trabant means "fellow traveler" in German.
    DDR_trabant-01-06-1990.jpg
  • The Bank of China is reflected in the roof of a parked limousine, on 14th September 2017, in the City of London, England.
    bank-of_china-01-14-09-2017.jpg
  • The Bank of China is reflected in the roof of a parked limousine, on 14th September 2017, in the City of London, England.
    bank-of_china-02-14-09-2017.jpg
  • Russians living in the UK march through Westminster in central London to honour those fallen during the second world war (1939-45) 9th May, 2016. Thousands of Russian-speakers gathered in Trafalgar Square, progressing via Downing Street (the official residence of British Prime Minister David Cameron) before continuing to Parliament Square.
    bus_ad54-09-05-2016.jpg
  • As crowds of supporters and protesters line the Mall in central London, Chinese leader Xi Jinping starts off his state visit to Britain. There is much attached to Anglo-Sino relations and this series of trade and diplomatic events is of great importance to the UK government in terms of new business and investment. Protesters however, voiced their distaste at human rights issues for dissenters and of the occupation of Tibet.
    xi_jinping_visit43-20-10-2015.jpg
  • As crowds of supporters and protesters line the Mall in central London, Chinese leader Xi Jinping starts off his state visit to Britain. There is much attached to Anglo-Sino relations and this series of trade and diplomatic events is of great importance to the UK government in terms of new business and investment. Protesters however, voiced their distaste at human rights issues for dissenters and of the occupation of Tibet.
    xi_jinping_visit18-20-10-2015.jpg
  • As crowds of supporters and protesters line the Mall in central London, Chinese leader Xi Jinping starts off his state visit to Britain. There is much attached to Anglo-Sino relations and this series of trade and diplomatic events is of great importance to the UK government in terms of new business and investment. Protesters however, voiced their distaste at human rights issues for dissenters and of the occupation of Tibet.
    xi_jinping_visit08-20-10-2015.jpg
  • During the official visit by the Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, Chinese nationals show support to a Beijing-London political and economic relationship, by holding flags in the street outside the Ministry of Defence  on Whitehall, Westminster, London.
    china_protest03-17-06-2014.jpg
  • A  Chinese lady walks past the Bank of China in the City of London, Great Britain Uk
    china_london13-18-10-2013.jpg
  • A lady smokes a cigarette outside the Bank of China in the City of London, Great Britain Uk
    china_london20-18-10-2013.jpg
  • The Chinese national flag hangs from the Bank of China's offices in the City of London, England UK.
    china_london18-18-10-2013.jpg
  • The Chinese national flag hangs from the Bank of China's offices in the City of London, England UK.
    china_london16-18-10-2013.jpg
  • Actors in US and Soviet army uniforms hold flags to recount German history during the second world war and later, the cold war - beneath the Brandenburg Gate in Unter den Linden in central Berlin, Germany. The site is near the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. Here also, Berlin was separated by the occupying sectors of US, British, French and Soviet forces after WW2. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany.
    brandenburg_gate_tourism02-05-04-201...jpg
  • The private quarters of GDR secret police Minister Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum44-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Desk in the preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum27-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Desk in the preserved office of former Minister in charge of GDR secret police chief, Erich Mielke - an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. After the fall of the socialist state, Mielke was sentenced to 6 years in prison and died in 2000, aged 92. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum29-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Decor in the conference room where the heads of the GDR secret police met with district administrators, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum32-07-04-2013.jpg
  • The conference room where the heads of the GDR secret police met with district administrators, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum33-07-04-2013.jpg
  • A soldier image on a rug, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum11-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum13-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum17-07-04-2013.jpg
  • The outer wall and watchtower on Genzlerstrasse of the notorious secret police (Stasi) Hohenschonhausen prison. The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial is now a museum and memorial located in Berlin's north-eastern Lichtenberg district. Hohenschönhausen was a very important part of the Socialist GDR's (German Democratic Republic) system of political and artistic oppression. Although torture (including Chinese water torture) and physical violence were commonly employed at Hohenschönhausen (especially in the 1950s), psychological intimidation was the main method of political repression and techniques including sleep deprivation, total isolation, threats to friends and family members.Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. The Hohenschonhausen prison's existence was largely unknown to locals - another blank on the map. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time'.
    hohenschonhausen_stasi_prison13-05-0...jpg
  • A poster for original Berliner Bratwurst sausage next to a section of the Berlin wall near the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_ad01-05-04-2013.jpg
  • Colourfully-painted sections of the old Berlin Wall are exhibited by local artists opposite the former Checkpoint Charlie, the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_art01-05-04-2013.jpg
  • Aerial landscape of Bernauer Strasse, showing a section of preserved Berlin wall where East Germans were killed while trying to cross the former border between Communist East and West Berlin during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.
    berlin_wall_bernauer02-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Exterior of 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum01-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum34-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Secretariat offices for the staff to Erich Mielke, an exhibit in 'Haus 1' the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum21-07-04-2013.jpg
  • ID papers for an anonymous secret agent from Cottbus, Germany, an exhibit in the ministerial headquarters of the Stasi secret police in Communist East Germany, the GDR. Built in 1960, the complex now known as the Stasi Museum. Between 1950 and 1989, the Stasi employed a total of 274,000 people in an effort to root out the class enemy. Before the fall of the Wall, it was a 22-hectare complex of espionage whose centrepiece is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security, Erich Mielke who considered their role as the 'shield and sword of the party', conducting one of the world's most efficient spying operations against its political dissenters during its 40-year old socialist history. The Stasi Museum is a 22-hectare complex of research  and memorial centre concerning the political system of the former East Germany. During Hitler's Third Reich, the Gestapo had one agent for every 2,000 citizens whereas the Stasi had approximately an spy for every 6.5. Here at the Stasi HQ alone 15,000 were employed plus the many regional stations. German media called East Germany 'the most perfected surveillance state of all time' - administered from this complex of offices.
    berlin_stasi_museum07-07-04-2013.jpg
  • Taken six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a German lady from the old German Democratic Republic (DDR or GDR) looks back over her shoulder nostalgically at an abandoned Trabant car on a sunlit street in eastern Berlin, once in the eastern zone before the Communist-inspired Berlin Wall was breached in November 1989. Blocks of modern East German-designed flats line the street and a tram line can be seen in the middle of the highway. The DDR-produced Trabant suffered poor performance, but its smoky two-stroke engine regarded with affection as a symbol of the more positive sides of East Germany. Many East Germans streamed into West Berlin and West Germany in their Trabants after the opening of the Berlin Wall. It was in production without any significant change for nearly 30 years. The name Trabant means "fellow traveler" in German.
    RB-0029.jpg
  • Two shipbuilders chat beneath the heavy lifting cranes at the Polish Gdansk shipyard - once known as the Lenin Shipyard but still the largest of its kind in modern Poland. The grimy and hazardous working conditions make for a dangerous environment in which to work and the two men in the foreground and those behind, wear bright yellow hard hats, protecting them from steel edges and rusting machinery. Here in 1980 the union Solidarity (Solidarnosc) was conceived and was partly responsible for a growing dissent against Communist rule, ultimately contributing towards the fall of the Berlin Wall. Lech Walesa started his political career as an electrical technician here, going on to lead Solidarity and then to become President of a democratic Poland. Today Gdansk is a major industrial city and shipping port.
    gdansk_shipyard07-03-09-2007.jpg
  • Lying horizontal in a Budapest scrap yard are two Communist-era statues that were toppled along with the fall of the Hungarian Socialist state in March 1990. In the foreground is the statue of the once-hated Hungarian local Communist Ferenc Munnich who participated in the 1956 Hungarian revolution, then a member of the 'Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government', the Workers' Militia and then defence minister and earning himself the Order of Lenin in 1967. After Hungary's transition to a democracy, he has been dumped horizontally on a wooden frame, sliced off its original plinth at the feet and painted red, awaiting its fate. In fact this statue is now located in the theme park called Szoborpark (Statue Park) in the south of the city where he shares a political tourist landscape of 42 pieces of art from the Communist era between 1945 and 1989.
    communist_statue-13-06-1990.jpg
  • Shipbuilders manhandle heavy piping up a ramp of stairs as another worker's sparks from welding falls below on the hull of a large German ferry at the Polish Gdansk shipyard - once known as the Lenin Shipyard but still the largest of its kind in modern Poland. The grimy and hazardous working conditions make for a dangerous environment in which to work. Here in 1980 the union Solidarity (Solidarnosc) was conceived and was partly responsible for a growing dissent against Communist rule, ultimately contributing towards the fall of the Berlin Wall. Lech Walesa started his political career as an electrical technician here, going on to lead Solidarity and then to become President of a democratic Poland. Today Gdansk is a major industrial city and shipping port.
    RB-0019.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pair of hands cup some nuts that go towards the construction of Trabant cars at the car factory in the former East Germany (DDR) where the last Trabants await buyers outside the factory production line, on 1st June 1990, in Zwickau, eastern Germany (former DDR). The DDR-produced Trabant suffered poor performance, but its smoky two-stroke engine regarded with affection as a symbol of the more positive sides of East Germany. Many East Germans streamed into West Berlin and West Germany in their Trabants after the opening of the Berlin Wall. It was in production without any significant change for nearly 30 years. The name Trabant means "fellow traveler" in German.
    trabant_factory-15-06-1990.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the last Trabant cars go through the factory production line, on 1st June 1990, in Zwickau, eastern Germany (former DDR). The DDR-produced Trabant suffered poor performance, but its smoky two-stroke engine regarded with affection as a symbol of the more positive sides of East Germany. Many East Germans streamed into West Berlin and West Germany in their Trabants after the opening of the Berlin Wall. It was in production without any significant change for nearly 30 years. The name Trabant means "fellow traveler" in German.
    trabant_factory-15-06-1990_1.jpg
  • The Chinese flag hangs over Central, on the eve of the handover of sovereignty from Britain to China, on 30th June 1997, in Hong Kong, China.  Midnight signified the end of British rule, and the transfer of legal and financial authority back to China. Hong Kong was once known as 'fragrant harbour' (or Heung Keung) because of the smell of transported sandal wood.
    hong_kong02-30-06-1997.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, are the partially-collapsed ballustrade and porch of a semi-derelict German house, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_10.jpg
  • A year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Communist Eastern Bloc, the stone decoration on an office building wall has been eaten away by atmospheric pollution, on 4th November 1990, in Leipzig, Germany.
    90s_germany-15-06-1990_9.jpg
  • Months after the fall of the Berlin wall and the collapse of the communist GDR state (the German Democratic Republic), the wreckage of a Trabant car still remains, on 15th June 1990, in Berlin, Eastern Germany. (Photo by Richard Baker / In Pictures via Getty Images)
    GDR_trabant01-15-06-1990.jpg
  • Months after the fall of the Berlin wall and the collapse of the communist GDR state (the German Democratic Republic), a Trabant is worked on at the company factory, on 15th June 1990, in Berlin, Eastern Germany. The East German auto maker VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke was at Zwickau in Saxony. The Trabant was the most common vehicle in East Germany - Like the Beetle in the West, its Peoples' Car with a 595 cc, two-cylinder air-cooled engine. It had space for four, was compact, light and durable with its distinctive body shape constructed from Duroplast panels attached to a galvanized steel shell. It was in production without any significant changes for about 34 years, becoming a symbol for the cheap, cheerful and polluting possessions for Communist Europeans. When the Berlin Wall eventually fell, Trabants coughed and spluttered onto West German roads for the first time. (Photo by Richard Baker / In Pictures via Getty Images)
    GDR_trabant02-15-06-1990.jpg
  • The red Chinese national flag hangs outside the Bank of China on Lothbury Street EC2 in the City of London - the capital's financial district, on 21st August 2018, in London, England. At a time when economic and property investment agreements between Britain and China were confirmed, the Chinese communist state's presence in the UK capital is becoming more obvious.
    bank_of_china-05-21-08-2018.jpg
  • The red Chinese national flag hangs outside the Bank of China on Lothbury Street EC2 in the City of London - the capital's financial district, on 21st August 2018, in London, England. At a time when economic and property investment agreements between Britain and China were confirmed, the Chinese communist state's presence in the UK capital is becoming more obvious.
    bank_of_china-03-21-08-2018.jpg
  • The red Chinese national flag hangs outside the Bank of China on Lothbury Street EC2 in the City of London - the capital's financial district, on 21st August 2018, in London, England. At a time when economic and property investment agreements between Britain and China were confirmed, the Chinese communist state's presence in the UK capital is becoming more obvious.
    bank_of_china-01-21-08-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-36-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-28-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-27-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-18-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-14-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Russians and Russian-speakers from around the Russian Federation and former Soviet states (such as the Baltics) and of all generations, celebrate Victory Day, the annual commemoration remembering the sacrifice of Red Army heroes who defeated fascism during WW2 - marching through the heart of British government in Whitehall, Parliament Square and ending outside Parliament itself, on 9th May 2018, in London, England.
    russians_victory_day-13-09-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather on the plinth below Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-32-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain in Trafalgar Square with the face of Karl Marx on a banner during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-29-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain in Trafalgar Square with the face of Karl Marx on a banner during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-28-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain in Trafalgar Square with the face of Karl Marx on a banner during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-27-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-24-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-20-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-17-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-15-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-13-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-11-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-09-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face Soviet leader Lenin on a banner in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-08-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain gather with the face of Soviet leader Josef Stalin on banners in Trafalgar Square during the traditional May Day celebrations in the capital, on 1st May 2018, in London, England.
    may_day_communists-01-01-05-2018.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a young man sells memorabilia and merchandise from the former DDR (DGR) at a market stall near the Brandenburg Gate, on 1st June 1990, in Berlin, Germany.
    selling_DDR-01-06-1990.jpg
  • Six months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a lady shovels East German Lignite coal briketts left outside her home, on 1st June 1990, in Aue, Saxony, eastern Germany (former DDR). The coal was delivered as Briketts and was either Lignite or Braunkohle, imported from either Poland or northern Czech Republic.
    DDR_coal_lady-01-06-1990.jpg
  • The Bank of China is reflected in the roof of a parked limousine, on 14th September 2017, in the City of London, England.
    bank-of_china-04-14-09-2017.jpg
  • A passer-by walks past the Communist party's regional offices on Avenida Dr. Lourenco Peixnho, in Aveiro, Portugal.
    portugal_aveira-10-17-07-2016.jpg
  • The Communist party's regional offices on Avenida Dr. Lourenco Peixnho, in Aveiro, Portugal.
    portugal_aveira-09-17-07-2016.jpg
  • Doorway of the Communist party's regional offices on Avenida Dr. Lourenco Peixnho, in Aveiro, Portugal.
    portugal_aveira-11-17-07-2016.jpg
  • The rural station building at the rural Hungarian village of Porva-Csesznek, Veszprem, Hungary.
    hungary_station-06-25-06-2016.jpg
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